Ten Sikh Gurus of Punjab

Table of Contents

Ten Sikh Gurus of Punjab

The term “Sikh” is derived from the Sanskrit word “Sisya,” meaning a learner or disciple, and in Punjabi, it specifically refers to a follower of Guru Nanak Dev Ji and his spiritual successors. Guru Nanak Dev Ji, born in 1469 CE, is recognized as the founder of Sikhism and a key figure in the Bhakti Movement, which emphasized devotion and spiritual practice. Before his passing, Guru Nanak appointed a successor, thus establishing a lineage of spiritual leaders known as the Gurus, which continued through nine successors until Guru Gobind Singh Ji, the tenth Guru. In 1708 CE, Guru Gobind Singh Ji declared the Adi Granth, later known as the Guru Granth Sahib Ji, as the eternal Guru of the Sikhs, cementing its role as the central scripture of the faith and a repository of the wisdom and teachings of the Sikh Gurus.

Guru Nanak Dev Ji

Birth and Early Life
Guru Nanak Dev Ji was born on 15th April 1469 in the village of Rae Bhoe di Talwandi (now Nankana Sahib) in Punjab, Pakistan. The region was politically and socially unstable at the time, and many of his followers believe that Guru Nanak was born to uplift people from the darkness of such conditions, particularly those under the guise of religion. Some controversy surrounds the exact date of his birth, with some believing it occurred on the full moon day in the month of Kattak. Guru Nanak was born to Mehta Kalu Chand and Tripta Devi, with his father being a village official. The name “Nanak” is thought to have been derived from his maternal grandfather, referred to as “Nana” in Punjabi, or after his elder sister, Nanaki.

Primary Education and Spiritual Development
From a young age, Guru Nanak exhibited a deep interest in spirituality, often shying away from the usual activities of other children. He was sent to both Hindu and Muslim teachers but preferred studying divine knowledge. At the age of nine, his father arranged a ritual for him to wear the sacred thread (Janeu), but Guru Nanak refused, explaining that true spirituality comes from mastering one’s passions, not outward symbols. He sought the thread of divine love, which he believed would grant him control over his senses.

Professional Life and Early Struggles
Guru Nanak’s parents were distressed by his disinterest in material pursuits, so his father, Mehta Kalu, tried to engage him in various occupations. Guru Nanak was sent to herd cattle, but he spent his time in contemplation, while the cattle miraculously caused no harm to the neighboring crops. Later, Kalu tried to involve him in trade, giving him twenty rupees to make a profit, but Nanak spent the money feeding hungry saints, returning home to explain that he had made the best use of the money. This event is known as the “Sacha Sauda” or “True Bargain.” Despite these attempts to steer him into worldly concerns, Guru Nanak’s devotion remained fixed on God’s love.

Guru Nanak was later sent to Sultanpur Lodhi, where he worked as a storekeeper under Daulat Khan Lodhi. While he performed his duties well, his mind remained restless, and he continued his spiritual quest. In 1487, he married Bibi Sulakhini and had two children, Sri Chand and Laxmi Das. Despite his familial responsibilities, Guru Nanak remained devoted to meditation and spiritual growth.

Enlightenment
According to Sikh tradition, Guru Nanak went to the Kali Bein River for a bath, where he disappeared for three days. During this time, he was in a divine trance and received enlightenment. When he returned, he declared, “Na Ko Hindu, Na Ko Musalman” (literally, “there is no Hindu, there is no Muslim”), indicating that human identity transcends religious labels, and everyone is essentially the same. This marked the beginning of his public mission, and soon after, he resigned from his job, donned a saffron robe, and renounced worldly life.

Guru Nanak’s Udasis (Journeys)
Guru Nanak undertook extensive journeys known as “Udasis” to spread his message and critique superstition, idolatry, and social divisions. He traveled over 28,000 kilometers during his four Udasis, which took him across India, Sri Lanka, Tibet, and the Middle East. His teachings challenged the established religious practices, advocating for equality, unity, and devotion to the one formless God.

First Udasi: Guru Nanak traveled eastward, accompanied by his Muslim companion Bhai Mardana. He visited places such as Saidpur, Talumba, and Kurukshetra, preaching against social evils and rituals.
Second Udasi: This journey took him to southern India, Sri Lanka, and other parts of Southeast Asia, where he met influential leaders and established followers.
Third Udasi: Guru Nanak journeyed northwards through regions like Kashmir and Tibet, spreading his message of equality and the rejection of asceticism.
Fourth Udasi: Guru Nanak’s final major journey was to the western regions, including Mecca and Medina, where he demonstrated his belief in the omnipresence of God and the futility of rituals.

Consolidation of Teachings and Final Years
Guru Nanak spent his later years in Kartarpur, where he established a community and began to consolidate his teachings. He emphasized selfless service, meditation, and honest living as central principles. Guru Nanak appointed Bhai Lehna (later Guru Angad) as his successor, bypassing his own sons, to avoid hereditary succession and ensure the continuity of his message. He passed away in September 1539, leaving behind a legacy of spirituality and equality.

Teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji Guru Nanak’s teachings focused on the following principles:

Importance of the Guru: Guru Nanak emphasized the necessity of a spiritual mentor, who represents the divine and guides one towards salvation.
Shun the Five Evils: He taught that ego, anger, greed, attachment, and lust must be overcome to achieve spiritual peace.
Three Pillars of Sikhism:
- Vand Chhako: Sharing with others, helping those in need.
- Kirat Karo: Earning a living honestly and without exploitation.
- Naam Japo: Meditating on God’s name to purify the mind.
Selflessness: Service to others without expecting anything in return is the highest form of duty.
No Discrimination: Guru Nanak strongly opposed social divisions based on caste, creed, and religion.
Against Rituals and Superstitions: He preached against idol worship, superstitions, and ritualistic practices, stressing the oneness of God.

Through his teachings, Guru Nanak laid the foundation for Sikhism and encouraged a path of truth, devotion, and equality that continues to inspire millions worldwide.

Guru Angad Dev Ji

Birth and Early Life

Guru Angad Dev Ji, born as Bhai Lehna on March 31, 1504, in the village of Matte-di-Serai (District Muktsar Sahib), was the son of Bhai Pheru, a small-time trader of Kshatriya Khatri descent, and Mata Ramo (also known as Mata Daya or Mata Sabhirai). After facing difficulties in trade, his family moved from the village and settled first in Harike, and later at Khadur Sahib (District Tarn Taran). Lehna married Bibi Khivi, the daughter of Devi Chand, and they had two sons (Bhai Datu and Bhai Dasu) and two daughters (Bibi Amro and Bibi Anokhi).

Religious Devotion and Meeting Guru Nanak

Lehna was a devout follower of Goddess Durga and made annual pilgrimages to Jwala Mukhi to worship her. During one such pilgrimage, he met Bhai Jodha, who was reciting the teachings of Guru Nanak. This encounter inspired Lehna to seek out Guru Nanak, whom he met in Kartarpur. Guru Nanak tested Lehna’s devotion multiple times, and Lehna passed each test, ultimately becoming Guru Nanak’s disciple. Guru Nanak, recognizing Lehna’s exceptional faith and dedication, named him his successor, renaming him Angad, meaning “flesh of my flesh.” In 1539, Guru Nanak conferred the spiritual legacy of Guruship upon Guru Angad Dev Ji, marking the continuation of the Sikh faith.

Guru Angad’s Role in Establishing Sikhism as a Distinct Faith

Guru Angad played a pivotal role in the growth of Sikhism as a distinct faith, preventing its assimilation into Hinduism. He took crucial steps to define Sikhism and promote it as an independent religion, particularly through his reforms in the Gurmukhi script. While the script existed before, Guru Angad standardized and refined it, making it more accessible to the common people. He also composed hymns in Gurmukhi, which later became part of the Guru Granth Sahib. The use of Punjabi and the popularization of the Gurmukhi alphabet were significant milestones, helping diminish the dominance of the priestly class that relied on Sanskrit, and solidifying the Sikh faith’s distinct identity.

- Preserving and Promoting Guru Nanak’s Teachings: Guru Angad’s efforts extended to preserving the teachings of Guru Nanak. He compiled and organized Guru Nanak’s hymns and teachings, often with the help of Bhai Bala, a lifelong companion of Guru Nanak, to write the Janamsakhi (biography). This provided the Sikhs with a valuable source of inspiration, encouraging them to recite the hymns rather than traditional Hindu mantras.
- Expansion of the Langar System: Guru Angad also expanded the langar (common kitchen) system started by Guru Nanak, which provided free food to the poor and served as a symbol of equality. He entrusted the responsibility of the langar to his wife, Bibi Khivi, who is the only woman mentioned in the Guru Granth Sahib. The langar welcomed people from all castes, religions, and backgrounds, promoting the ideals of equality and challenging the caste-based social order.
- Formalizing the Sangat System: Guru Angad formalized the Sangat system, establishing regular congregations where Sikhs would come together to sing the hymns of Guru Nanak twice a day. He also emphasized physical fitness, establishing a Mal Akhara (wrestling arena) to promote physical development and discipline among Sikhs. This focus on both physical and spiritual strength played a key role in the emergence of Sikhs as a military power under later Gurus.

Distinction from the Udasi Sect: Guru Angad distinguished Sikhism from the Udasi sect, led by Sri Chand, Guru Nanak’s son, who believed in renunciation as the path to spiritual progress. Guru Angad made it clear that Sikhism was a religion of householders, and he declared that the Udasis were not true Sikhs.

Encounter with Emperor Humayun

A notable encounter occurred when Emperor Humayun, after being defeated by Sher Shah Suri, sought Guru Angad’s blessings. Humayun, feeling insulted by the Guru’s trance, attempted to attack him but was chastised by Guru Angad for showing bravery in front of a religious man, rather than against his real enemy. Humayun, regretting his arrogance, sought the Guru’s blessing, which was granted, though Guru Angad foretold that he would have to endure some hardship before regaining his kingdom.

Guru Angad’s Succession and Final Days

As Guru Angad’s life neared its end, he chose Guru Amar Das, a devoted disciple, as his successor, bypassing his own sons. He sent Guru Amar Das to Goindwal, fearing that his sons might cause problems. Guru Angad Dev Ji passed away on March 29, 1552, after leading the Sikh community for 13 years. His legacy continues to shape Sikhism as a distinct, growing faith.

Guru Amar Das Ji

Birth and Early Life

Guru Amar Das Ji was born on May 5, 1479, in Basarke (now in Amritsar district). He was the eldest son of Tej Bhan, a farmer and trader, and Mata Lachmi Devi (also known as Sulakhani Devi), a devout mother. Raised in a staunch Hindu household, Guru Amar Das initially followed the Vaishnavite tradition, performing various religious rituals, pilgrimages, and fasts with utmost devotion. His dedication to these practices was unwavering, and he never missed a single pilgrimage.

Guru Amar Das married Mansi Devi, daughter of Devi Chand, at the age of 24. Together, they had four children: two sons, Bhai Mohri and Bhai Mohan, and two daughters, Bibi Dhani and Bibi Bhani. The latter eventually married Bhai Jetha, who later became the fourth Sikh Guru, Guru Ram Das Ji.

The Spiritual Awakening

Despite living a religious life, Guru Amar Das was troubled by the feeling that he had not yet found a true spiritual guide. One day, he heard Bibi Amro (daughter of Guru Angad) singing hymns of Guru Nanak. Deeply moved by these hymns, Guru Amar Das set out to meet the successor of Guru Nanak. His journey took him to Khadur Sahib, where he met Guru Angad, who touched his heart profoundly.

At the age of 61, Guru Amar Das devoted himself to serving Guru Angad with complete dedication. He traveled 5 km every morning to fetch water from the Beas River for Guru Angad’s bath and collected firewood for the langar. Legend has it that Guru Amar Das once served Guru Angad by sucking the pus from his feet to relieve him of pain. His selfless service earned him the name “Amru,” symbolizing his unwavering commitment.

Becoming the Third Guru

When Guru Angad sensed his end was near, he nominated Guru Amar Das as his successor in March 1552, bypassing his own sons. Guru Amar Das, at the age of 73, became the third Sikh Guru and is sometimes referred to as the “Vridh (old-aged) Guru.” Guru Angad, concerned that his sons might create difficulties for Guru Amar Das, advised him to relocate to Goindwal after his passing.

Conflict with Guru Angad’s Son, Dattu

Guru Angad’s son, Dattu, could not accept that his father’s servant had become the Guru. He proclaimed himself the true Guru at Khadur Sahib, but the Sikhs remained loyal to Guru Amar Das. In his anger, Dattu went to Goindwal, denounced Guru Amar Das in front of the congregation, and even kicked him. Guru Amar Das bore this insult with patience and left for his native village, Basarke. However, the Sikhs rejected Dattu’s claim to the Guruship, and they brought Guru Amar Das back to Goindwal.

Guru Amar Das’s Contributions to Sikhism

Construction of Baoli at Goindwal: One of Guru Amar Das Ji’s significant contributions was the construction of a Baoli (a well with 84 steps) at Goindwal Sahib (Tarn Taran district). It is believed that if a devotee recited Japji Sahib at each of the 84 steps, after taking a holy dip in the Baoli, they would attain liberation from the cycle of birth and death. This Baoli became an important pilgrimage site and was constructed with the support of the Sikh community. Additionally, it addressed the water scarcity issue in the region.

Revamping the Langar System: Guru Amar Das revitalized the langar system by introducing the principle “Pehle Pangat, Phir Sangat,” meaning that people should first partake in the langar (communal meal) before meeting the Guru. Even Emperor Akbar followed this rule when visiting Guru Amar Das. The langar system helped eradicate social inequalities based on caste, gender, race, and religion, and it became a powerful symbol of equality. Akbar, impressed by this, offered a royal property, but Guru Amar Das respectfully declined. However, Akbar donated land to Bibi Bhani and waived the pilgrim tax for Sikhs traveling across the Ganga and Yamuna rivers.

Anand Sahib and Its Significance: Guru Amar Das Ji’s hymns are included in the Sri Guru Granth Sahib Ji, with a total of 907 hymns composed by him. The Anand Sahib, a collection of these hymns, represents the theme of complete happiness and is recited by Amritdhari Sikhs as part of their daily prayers.

The Manji and Piri System: To spread the teachings of Sikhism, Guru Amar Das Ji established the Manji system, where a preacher, known as a Manjidar, would sit on a wooden cot (Manji) while the congregation sat around him. He established 22 Manjis, which facilitated the spread of Sikh teachings and also contributed to the collection of offerings for the langar and other religious purposes.

- - Guru Amar Das also created the Piri system to empower female spiritual leaders, such as Mai Bhagbari of Kashmir and Mai Seva of Kabul, who were appointed to guide women in Sikh teachings. Guru Amar Das appointed 146 individuals (94 men and 52 women) to spread the message of Sikhism across different regions.

Social Reforms and Teachings: Guru Amar Das was not only a spiritual leader but also a social reformer. He opposed the practice of Sati and advocated for the remarriage of widows. He also spoke against the purdah system and urged women to break free from it. Guru Amar Das introduced new ceremonies for birth, marriage, and death, and he advised Sikhs to abstain from intoxicants like alcohol and tobacco. These reforms helped shape a more progressive society in line with the principles of Sikhism.

Nomination of Successor

As Guru Amar Das’s life neared its end, he chose Bhai Jetha (Guru Ram Das) as his successor, recognizing his devotion and piety. Guru Amar Das bypassed his own son Mohan, who had become a follower of the Udasi sect. Guru Amar Das Ji passed away on September 1, 1574, at the age of 95.

It is also believed that Guru Amar Das blessed Bibi Bhani with the boon that the lineage of Guruship would continue through her family. This led to the hereditary succession of the Gurus, which began with Guru Ram Das, the son-in-law of Guru Amar Das.

Guru Ram Das Ji

Birth and Early Life

Guru Ram Das Ji was born as Bhai Jetha (meaning the firstborn) on September 24, 1534, in Chuna Mandi Bazar, Lahore, to Hari Das and Mata Dayavati (also known as Anup Devi) from the Sodhi Khatri family. According to some historians, Jetha’s parents passed away when he was just seven years old, and he was taken under the care of his grandmother in Basarke.

From a young age, Jetha displayed a religious disposition. He eventually traveled to Goindwal with a small group of Sikhs, where Guru Amar Das Ji was constructing the Baoli. Captivated by the Guru’s personality, Jetha decided to dedicate his life to serving him. He contributed to the construction efforts, which helped him grow into a strong and capable man. His dedication and hard work made a lasting impression on Guru Amar Das Ji, leading to an arranged marriage between Jetha and Bibi Bhani, Guru Amar Das Ji’s youngest daughter.

Jetha chose to remain in Goindwal after his marriage to continue serving Guru Amar Das Ji. He and Bibi Bhani had three sons: Prithi Chand, Mahadev, and Arjan Dev.

Defense of Sikhism and Rise to Leadership

In the 1560s, a group of jealous Hindus complained to the Mughal Emperor Akbar, accusing the Sikhs of maligning both Hinduism and Islam. In response, Emperor Akbar summoned Guru Amar Das Ji to explain the Sikh teachings. However, Guru Amar Das Ji, due to his advanced age, chose to send his trusted disciple Bhai Jetha instead. Jetha defended Sikhism in the royal court with great skill and successfully answered all the emperor’s questions. Impressed by his explanation, Akbar dismissed the accusations against the Sikhs.

Following his selfless service and dedication, Bhai Jetha was appointed as the successor to Guru Amar Das Ji. He was given the name Guru Ram Das and became the fourth Sikh Guru. He soon moved from Goindwal after his appointment.

Contribution Towards the Development of Sikhism

Establishment of Amritsar: One of Guru Ram Das Ji’s most significant contributions was the creation of Amritsar. In 1577, he dug a pool on land granted by the Mughal Emperor Akbar. Around this pool, Guru Ram Das Ji established a city, which became known as Ramdaspur (later renamed Amritsar). The pool was named Amrit Sarovar, meaning the “Pool of Nectar,” and it was placed under the supervision of Baba Buddha Ji.

Guru Ram Das Ji encouraged Sikhs to settle in Ramdaspur. Over time, 52 traders moved to the area, leading to the development of a market known as Guru Ka Bazaar. This city later became known as Amritsar, after the sacred pool.

Establishment of the Masand System: Guru Ram Das Ji also established the Masand System, where the Masands were representatives of the Guru in different regions, assisting the local Sikh communities. The Masands resolved common issues faced by Sikhs and helped collect funds for the continued construction of Amritsar and the pool. Initially known as Ramdasis, these individuals came to be called Masands, a term derived from the Arabic word “Masnad,” meaning the “seat of honor.” The Masands held an important position in Sikh society, representing the Guru’s authority.

Composition of Bani: Guru Ram Das Ji completed an important task by composing hymns (Bani) in 30 different ragas, which contributed significantly to Sikh music and worship. Additionally, he composed the “Laavan,” a special hymn recited during the Anand Karaj (Sikh wedding ceremony).

Nomination of Successor

As Guru Ram Das Ji’s time approached its end, he chose his youngest son, Arjan Das, as his successor. Guru Ram Das believed that Arjan was more capable than his older sons and was better suited to lead the Sikh community. Guru Ram Das Ji passed away on September 16, 1581, in Goindwal, attaining salvation. His legacy was continued by his son, Guru Arjan Dev Ji, who became the fifth Guru of the Sikhs.

Guru Arjan Dev Ji

Birth and Early Life

Guru Arjan Dev Ji was born on April 15, 1563, in Goindwal Sahib, to Guru Ram Das and Bibi Bhani. He was the youngest of three sons, with Prithi Chand being the eldest and Mahadev the middle son. While Prithi Chand was known for his greed and mischief in worldly affairs, and Mahadev led an ascetic life,

Arjan married Mata Ganga, the daughter of Bhai Krishan Chand from the village of Mau in Jalandhar District. Together, they had a son, Hargobind, who later became the sixth Guru of the Sikhs. As Guru Ram Das was not satisfied with the competence of his other sons, he chose Arjan to be the fifth Guru of the Sikh faith in 1581, before his own passing.

Conflict with Prithi Chand

From the outset, Prithi Chand opposed Guru Arjan’s appointment, as he believed he was the rightful heir due to being the eldest son. Prithi Chand demanded the inheritance of his father’s property exclusively. He started opposing Guru Arjan. However, despite the challenges and opposition, Guru Arjan remained patient, showing love and respect for his elder brother, and continued to focus on the development of Sikhism.

Contribution towards the Development of Sikhism

Foundation of Harmandir Sahib: One of Guru Arjan’s most significant contributions was the continued development of Amritsar. After completing the Amrit Sarovar (Pool of Nectar), Guru Arjan laid the foundation for Harmandir Sahib (Golden Temple) at the center of Amritsar in 1588. The foundation stone was laid by Miyan Mir, a Muslim Sufi Saint from Lahore.

Construction of New Towns: Guru Arjan expanded his efforts to build new towns to promote the Sikh faith. In 1590, he started the construction of a pool between the Ravi and Beas rivers in Majha de Khara Village. This pool and the surrounding area developed into the town of Tarn Taran. Guru Arjan also dug a tank called Gangasar and established the town of Kartarpur (in present-day Jalandhar). Additionally, in 1595, Guru Arjan founded the town of Hargobindpur, named after his son, Hargobind, along the banks of the Beas River.

Establishing Chheharta: In response to a water scarcity problem in Wadali, a village located 7 km from Amritsar, Guru Arjan dug a well to commemorate the birth of his son, Hargobind. The well, which featured six Persian wheels to draw water, became known as Chheharta.

Construction of Baoli in Lahore: In 1599, Guru Arjan constructed a Baoli (step-well) in the Dabbi Bazar area, which helped address the water scarcity in that region.

Compilation of the Adi Granth: Guru Arjan compiled the Adi Granth, a collection of hymns from the Sikh Gurus, into a single scripture. This compilation was completed in 1604 and was installed at Harmandir Sahib. Baba Buddha Ji was appointed as the first Granthi (priest) of the temple.

Introduction of Dasvandh Pratha: Guru Arjan introduced the concept of Dasvandh (tithe), which required Sikhs to donate one-tenth of their income to the Guru. This contribution was managed by the Masands, who would ensure the money was sent to the Guru. This system helped sustain the maintenance of Sikh temples and promoted the growth of Sikhism.

Nomination of Successor

Before his martyrdom in 1606, Guru Arjan Dev Ji nominated his son Hargobind as his successor. He also sent a message to his village to officially install Hargobind as the next Guru. Guru Arjan encouraged his son to stand strong and fight against the oppression of the Mughal Empire.

Relationship with Jahangir and Martyrdom

Jahangir was more rigid in his religious beliefs and felt threatened by the growing popularity of Guru Arjan and Sikhism. Prithi Chand, still dissatisfied with not being appointed as the Guru, conspired against Guru Arjan with Sulhi Khan and tried to malign the Guru by presenting some hymns from the Adi Granth, which criticized certain religious practices. Jahangir ordered an inquiry, but when he learned about the true nature of the hymns, he presented Guru Arjan with a robe of honor and remitted some taxes from the Sikh community.

After Jahangir’s accession, however, his religious intolerance led to the imprisonment of Guru Arjan on May 24, 1606. Guru Arjan was tortured by Chandu Shah, the Emperor’s finance minister, who had a personal vendetta against the Guru due to his rejection of a marriage proposal for his daughter. Despite Chandu Shah’s cruelty, Jahangir’s initial reluctance to carry out the execution was overcome, and he authorized Guru Arjan’s martyrdom.

Guru Arjan Dev Ji endured severe torture and finally attained martyrdom on May 30, 1606, in the cold waters of the River Ravi. His sacrifice is commemorated by Sikhs, who honor him as the “Shaheedan da Sartaj” (Supreme among Martyrs).

Guru Hargobind Ji

Birth and Early Life

Guru Hargobind Singh Ji was born on 19th June 1595 in the village Wadali (later came to be known as Guru Ki Wadali). He was the only son of Guru Arjan Dev Ji, the fifth Guru, and Mata Ganga. Baba Gurdas and Baba Budha were assigned to teach the young Hargobind various skills like the Punjabi language, horse riding, archery and swordplay.

Guru Hargobind had three wives: Damodari, Nanaki, and Mahadevi. He had children from all three wives. Baba Gurditta, Ani Rai and Bibi Veero from Mata Damodari. Atal Rai and Tegh Mal from Mata Nanaki. Surajmal from Mata Mahadevi.

He was conferred Guruship at the young age of 11 years. His father, Guru Arjan Dev ji was captivated by Jahangir on the account of his intolerance towards the rising influence of the Sikh faith. Guru Arjan sent a message from the prison for his son to be nominated as his successor and consequently, Baba Budha installed the young Hargobind as the sixth Guru in the Sikh lineage. Guru Arjan also commanded his son to fight against the rising Mughal tyranny.

Contribution towards Sikhism

Miri and Piri – Adoption of two Swords: Guru Hargobind, from the very beginning of his Guruship, played a twofold role. First, the role of helping his disciples to achieve salvation through worshiping the One True Lord and also preparing and training them to bear arms to defend their lives and honor. He gave up the rosary. Thus, Guru began to dress himself in martial style and wore two swords, Miri and Piri, Miri representing secular authority, and Piri representing spiritual power.
Offerings of Horses and Arms to the Guru: Guru Sahib re-invented the types of collections done by Masands. He asked them to take horses and arms in place of money from Sikhs as offerings. These orders were followed and gradually, a large number of horses and weapons were collected under the care of Guruji. This lubricated the formation of Sikh army. Thus, he was also referred to as ‘Saint-Soldier”.
Organization of Sikh Army: Guru Hargobind acquainted himself with 52 bodyguards. This gave Royal prestige to Guru Sahib and made him look like a commander of the army. He raised an army of Sikhs by giving a horse and weapon to each one of them. He decided to divide the army into five Jathas (groups). These jathas were under the leadership of Jathedars, namely Vidhi Chand, Pirana, Jetha, Pera and Langah. The Pathans were also recruited in these Jathas.
Construction of Akal Takht: The new policy demanded that there should be a throne where the Guru or the True King (Sachcha Padshah, as Guru Hargobind had begun to be styled and addressed) should sit and guide his disciples in political and worldly affairs.He used to issue ‘Hukamnamas (orders) from this takht. He would, apart from religious and military directives, receive presents and offerings of horses and weapons from his Masands and Sikhs. Consequently, the construction of Akal Takht was the first step to fight the Mughal Tyranny.
Construction of Lohgarh Fortress: Guru Sahib wanted to protect the Sikhs residing in Amritsar. Thus, he thought of constructing a wall around the city. Thus, a fortress was erected on the periphery of Amritsar, which was named Lohgarh (literally Iron Fort). The fort was equipped with military apparatus. This prepared the Sikh Sangat against the Mughal atrocities.

Relations with Mughal:

Relations with Jahangir: The relations of Guru Sahib were hostile for a slight period when the Guru was arrested and imprisoned in the Fort of Gwalior. However, they got on friendly terms afterwards. Guru Sahib is even believed to have accompanied Jahangir in hunting and military expeditions.

Guru Hargobind Ji adopted the technique of a soldier from the very beginning and the people began to refer to him as ‘Sachcha Padshah’ or the True King. The Emperor did not like the Guru’s policy of armed defense and decided to take a stern action against the Guru.

Relations with Shah Jahan: After the death of Jahangir in 1627, his son Shah Jahan became the Mughal Emperor. Guru Sahib’s relations were strained with Shah Jahan from the very start. He fought various battles with Shah Jahan, namely Amritsar (1634), Lahira (1634), Kartarpur (1635) and Palahi (near Phagwara) in 1635. Though the Guru and his Sikhs had to suffer a lot during these adversaries, they never lost any battle. These battles played an important role in Sikh history as it boosted their morale making them believe that Sikhs can confront any trouble in their path. However, Guru Sahib was tired of these battles and decided to consolidate his work peacefully.

Residing in the safety of Hills: After these battles, Guru Sahib finally decided to move from Kartarpur towards some safe and peaceful place. He established the city of Kiratpur on the land gifted to him by Kalyan Chand, the king of Kalhur who was a devotee of the Guru. He settled in the city in 1635 and spent the last decade of his life peacefully among the hills of Kiratpur, guiding the affairs of his devotees from that place.

Sikh Missionaries to spread Sikh doctrine

Guru Sahib got occupied in the battles with Shah Jahan for various years and realized that his real work, i.e. the propagation of the teachings of his predecessors, had greatly suffered. Therefore, he appointed Gurditta, his eldest son, to spread the doctrine of Sikh religion. Consequently, Baba Gurditta appointed four missionaries (Phul, Gonda, Almast, and Balu Hasna) to spread Sikhism.

Guru Sahib himself appointed Bhai Bidhi Chand and Bhai Gurdas to spread Sikh religion.

Nomination of Successor

Guru Sahib had to go through numerous tragedies in the last decade of his life. Baba Gurditta died in 1638. Dhir Mal, Gurditta’s eldest son, revolted against Guru Sahib and took away the original Adi Granth with himself seizing Kartarpur. Bhai Gurdas and Atal Rai also left this world. As Guruji realized that his end was near, he declared his grandson Har Rai (younger son Baba Gurditta Ji) as his successor. He died in 1644 in Kiratpur Sahib, a settlement on the banks of the Sutlej River, and was cremated on the river’s banks.

Note: Guru Hargobind Ji is believed to have met Swami Smarth Ram Tirath (popularly known as Swami Ramdas Ji), a Maratha saint, in Srinagar.

Guru Har Rai

Birth and Early Life

Guru Har Rai was born on 30th January 1630 in Kiratpur Sahib to Baba Gurditta and Mata Nihal. His grandfather, Guru Hargobind, had five sons, but most passed away before his death in 1638. Guru Hargobind, initially considering Baba Gurditta as his successor, eventually chose his grandson, Guru Har Rai, as the next Guru.

Coronation as Guru

At the age of 14, Guru Har Rai succeeded as the seventh Sikh Guru. A simple coronation ceremony was held, where Guru Hargobind formally nominated Har Rai by placing five paise and a coconut on his tray.

Kind-hearted and Peaceful Nature

Guru Har Rai was known for his kindness and aversion to war. He maintained a large army but preferred peace and meditation. His love for nature was evident, as he created a zoological garden and took great care to avoid harming animals. He also showed great compassion for even the smallest things, such as being moved to tears when his cloak accidentally broke flowers in his garden.

Religious Outreach and Conversions

Guru Har Rai devoted his life to spreading Sikh teachings. He made significant conversions, including Bhagat Bhagwan, Bhai Pheru, and Bhai Gonda, who spread the message of Sikhism in different regions.

Blessing of Phul and His Descendants

Guru Har Rai blessed Phul, a mute boy, predicting his future prosperity. Phul’s descendants went on to rule the Phulkian states of Nabha, Jind, and Patiala for two centuries.

Support for Dara Shikoh and conflict with Aurangzeb

During the Mughal succession struggle, Guru Har Rai provided asylum to Dara Shikoh, the eldest son of Emperor Shah Jahan, after his defeat by Aurangzeb. Although the exact nature of Guru Har Rai’s support is debated, it led to a conflict with Aurangzeb.

In response to the Guru’s involvement in Dara’s flight, Aurangzeb questioned the Guru regarding a verse from Guru Nanak’s Asa-di-Var, accusing it of criticizing Muslims. Ram Rai, the Guru’s son, explained the verse, but Guru Har Rai later deemed him unfit to succeed him and removed him from the position.

Death and Succession

Guru Har Rai passed away on 6th October 1661 in Kiratpur, leaving his five-year-old son, Guru Har Krishan, as the next Guru of the Sikhs.

Guru Har Krishan Ji

Birth and Early Life

Guru Har Krishan Ji, the eighth Guru of the Sikhs, was born on July 7, 1656, at Kiratpur Sahib to Guru Har Rai Ji and Mata Krishan Kaur Ji (Mata Sulakhani Ji).

Coronation as Guru

Despite being only five years old, he was appointed as the Guru in 1661, earning him the revered title “Bala-Pir”. Hence, he is also known as the Child Guru.

One of his most well-known interactions was with a learned Brahmin named Lal Chand, who doubted his wisdom. In response, Guru Ji enabled an illiterate man, Chhaju Ram, to recite and interpret verses from the Bhagavad Gita, proving that divine wisdom transcends formal learning.

Coronation as Guru

His elder brother, Ram Rai, had been excommunicated by Guru Har Rai Ji due to his misaligned actions and allegiance to the Mughal court. Feeling wronged, Ram Rai sought intervention from Emperor Aurangzeb, who then ordered Mirza Raja Jai Singh to summon Guru Har Krishan Ji to Delhi.

After consulting his mother and close Sikhs, Guru Ji agreed to travel to Delhi, where he stayed at the residence of Raja Jai Singh. This place later became Gurdwara Bangla Sahib, built by Sardar Baghel Singh in the 18th century.

Service During Smallpox Epidemic

During his stay in Delhi, a smallpox and cholera epidemic broke out. Guru Har Krishan Ji selflessly served the sick and suffering, ultimately contracting smallpox himself. Despite his deteriorating health, he continued offering spiritual solace, becoming a symbol of compassion and sacrifice.

Service During Smallpox Epidemic

As his condition worsened, Guru Har Krishan Ji called for five paise and a coconut, waving them thrice while uttering “Baba Bakala”—indicating that his successor resided in Bakala (later revealed as Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji).

Death

On March 30, 1664, at just eight years old, Guru Har Krishan Ji left his mortal body. He was cremated on the banks of the Yamuna River, where Gurdwara Bala Sahib now stands.

Legacy of Guru Har Krishan Ji

Guru Har Krishan Ji remains an embodiment of humility, service, and divine wisdom. His name is honored in Sikh Ardaas (prayer) with the verse:

“Sri Har Krishan Dhiyaye, Jis Dithe Sab Dukh Jaye”
(Meditate upon Guru Har Krishan, whose mere glimpse dispels all suffering.)

Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji

Birth and Early Life

Guru Tegh Bahadur, born on April 1, 1621, in Amritsar, succeeded to the Guruship in 1664. He was the youngest son of Guru Har Gobind and Mata Nanaki. After Guru Har Gobind’s death, Tegh Bahadur moved to Bakala with his wife, Mata Gujari, and mother. Following Guru Har Krishan’s prophecy of “Baba Bakala,” Sikhs searched for the next Guru. Many claimants arose, including relatives of Guru Hargobind and others like Ram Rai and Dhir Mal. The true Guru was identified by Makhan Shah Lubhan, who had vowed to offer 500 gold coins to the Guru if he survived a shipwreck. Upon offering two coins to Tegh Bahadur, the Guru’s response revealed his identity, leading to his recognition in 1664.

Despite facing opposition from Sodhi Khatris and Dhir Mal, Tegh Bahadur remained committed to forgiveness, instructing Sikhs to return stolen belongings. He also faced resistance in Amritsar, where corrupt Masands prevented him from entering Harmandir Sahib. He then established Anandpur Sahib as a cultural hub for Sikhs.

Guru Tegh Bahadur traveled extensively, spreading Sikhism. He visited Patna, Dhaka, Sylhet, Chittagong, and Assam, where he helped mediate peace between local rulers. He returned to Anandpur after completing his journey, continuing to preach Sikh teachings.

Kashmiri Pandits

Once, the Kashmiri Brahmins came to Guru seeking help. Iftikhar Khan, the Mughal governor of Kashmir was a really brutal human being. He was forcibly converting thousands of non-Muslims to Islam. Those who refused were put to death. Hence, the brahmins wanted a solution to this repression and asked Guru Sahib to provide one.

Guru Sahib made up his mind to sacrifice himself to end these atrocities. He then informed the Kashmiri Brahmins to go and tell Aurungzeb that if he can convert the Guru to Islam, then they will all become Muslims. Consequently, Aurangzeb summoned Guru Sahib to Delhi along with his emissaries but he did not go with them. He took his route which caused suspicion in the minds of Aurangzeb and he ordered that Guru should be searched. The Guru was found in Agra and was arrested along with his five disciples. He was then brought to Delhi.

Martyrdom

The Guru remained in prison for some time where he was treated in every inhuman way possible, as he refused to renounce his faith. To terrorize him further into submission, his devotees, Bhai Mati Das was sawn into two pieces, Bhai Dyal Das was boiled in the cauldron in front of the Guru. Aurangzeb finally ordered the beheading of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji on 24 November 1675, in front of a massive crowd. Gurdwara Sis Ganj Sahib in Chandni Chowk marks the place of his execution.

According to Sikh traditions, Bhai Jaita Ji took the Guru’s head to Anandpur, the city Guru had founded, while Bhai Lakhi Shah Vanjara took the body to his village, Rakab Ganj, and cremated the body by setting his own house on fire, to avoid arousing the suspicion of Mughal soldiers.

His son, Guru Gobind Singh, in his autobiography Vachitra Natak, writes that his father died for the protection of the frontal mark (Tilak) and the sacred thread (janeu) of the Hindus. Guru died as a martyr to protect the right to practice one’s religion and is therefore also renowned as “Hind di Chadar’ for providing protection to Kashmiri pandits.

Legacy and Succession

Guru Tegh Bahadur, like the first five Gurus, was a great poet and some of his hymns were added to the Adi Granth, the sacred book of the Sikhs. Before departing for Delhi, Guru Tegh Bahadur designated his son Gobind Rai as the future guru in 1675, even though he was only nine years old at the time.

Guru Gobind Singh Ji

Birth and Early Life

Guru Gobind Singh was born as Gobind Rai at Patna on December 26, 1666. As Guru Teg Bahadur, his father wanted to reach back from his east journey to Punjab at the earliest, he just spent a few days with his family and left for Makhowal, leaving the family behind at Patna.

Hence, Gobind Rai spent the first six years at Patna under the care of his mother and maternal uncle, Kirpal Chand.

In 1677, at the age of ten, he married Mata Jeeto in Basantgarh (10 kilometers north of Anandpur) with whom he had three sons: Baba Jujhar Singh (bom 1691), Baba Zorawar Singh (born 1696) and Baba Fatch Singh (born 1699). In 1684, he married Mata Sundari in Anandpur with whom he had only one son: Baba Ajit Singh (born 1687). He married Mata Sahib Devan in April 1700 at Anandpur at the age of 33. They had no children, but she was a prominent figure in Sikhism. Guru Gobind Singh proclaimed her as the ‘Mother of Khalsa’. However, as discussed in the previous chapter, he became the tenth Guru of Sikhs and was burdened with massive responsibilities. However various subsects like were Minas (followers of Prithi Chand), Dhirmalias, and Ramraiyas were looking forward to overthrowing the child Guru and usurping all power from him.

Hence, on the invitation of Raja Medni Prakash, Guru Sahib shifted to Sirmaur, also known as Nahan where the Raja offered him space at Paonta (presently in Himachal Pradesh) on the banks of the Yamuna River. He wrote Chandi di var’, his only work in Punjabi, in Paonta Sahib

Pre-Khalsa and Post-Khalsa Periods

As per some historians, the career of Guru Gobind Singh was divided into two distinct periods:

The Pre-Khalsa period-1675 to 1699
The Post-Khaisa period – 1699 to 1708

The Pre-Khalsa Period 1675-1699

After Guru Sahib moved to Paonta Sahib, he started pondering over the hardships and sufferings of his countrymen. He realized that they were victims of two types of tyranny. First, the authoritarianism of the alien rulers (Mughals), and secondly, the religious tyranny by the priestly class (Brahmins). He began by equipping all possible types of knowledge, He went through the epics like Ramayana and the Mahabharata to awake his men through literature, He also urged them to chalk up their physical fitness and agility by playing all kinds of sports. He started training them in riding, archery, and sword-play.

Battle of Bhangani (1688)

The increasing strength of Guru Sahib induced jealousy and fear among neighboring hill chiefs Henceforth, Raja Bhim Chand of Kahlur (Bilaspur) and Fateh Shah of Srinagar and along with some other princes formed an alliance to attack Paonta in September 1688. Guru Sahib advanced to battle the allied forces and a hard-contested battle was fought at Bhangani (at Bank of river Giri), a place around 10 Km from Paonta. The Guru came out victorious with the help of Peer Budhu Shah of Sadhaura and his four sons, who joined Guru Sahib.

Guru Sahib returned to the territory of Kahlur chief and settled in Anandpur (City of Joy). He made Anandpur his headquarters and raised four small forts- Anandgarh, Lohgarh, Keshgarh, and Fatehgarh – around it.

Battle of Nadaun (1690)

Their friendship converted into a powerful alliance and hill chiefs started believing they could overthrow Mughal oppression. Hence, Bhim Chand and other hill chiefs refused to pay the yearly tribute to Aurangzeb. Thus, on behalf of Aurangzeb (who was in Deccan at that time), Alif Khan attacked the hill chiefs. A ferocious battle was fought at Nadaun (30 Km South-East of Kangra), a town on the bank of River Beas. The Guru and the hill chiefs came out victorious.

The founding of the Khalsa, 1699

Young Gobind in 1675 made up his mind to implant a new ethos of courage and confidence among his followers, so that they could take up arms and fight the political and religious tyranny which was faced by their brethren for a very long time. He realized that the Sikh religion had subsumed under many evil practices for two centuries and people had forgotten the real teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji. The Masands have also gotten corrupt and inadequate, who were a hindrance to the growth of Sikh faith. Thus, Guru Sahib abolished Masand Pratha in 1698 (instilled by the 4th Guru). In 1699, Guru Sahib took a momentous step and created the ‘Khalsa’.

Great assembly and selection of Five Beloveds

Guru Ji summoned a special assembly at Anandpur in 1699 on the Baisakhi day to emphasize the importance of the sword. It is believed to be attended by about 80,000 men. They assembled at the site which is now known as Kesh-Garh. Guru Sahib started by giving an impressive lecture to explain that a sacrifice was required to end the atrocities done over Sikhs.

Five persons were taken from that assembly to the tent and a striking sound of a sword was heard by the assembly. However, they were brought back from the tent in a new saffron attire with blue waisted threads on the head. They came to be known as ‘Panj Pyaras or Five Beloved Ones. As pes Sikh tradition, it is believed that Guru Sahib, in reality, cut the head of five goats as a sacrifice.

Khande di Pahul (Baptism of the Sword)

Guru installed the Khalsa Panth in an unfamiliar method. He changed the initiation Ceremony from the old Charan Pahul’ to “Khande di Pahul”, Pahul is the name given in the Sak tradition to the Baption ceremony which is also known as the initiation ceremony into the Khalsa “Brotherhood”. The word Pahul or Puhul is a derivative from a substantive, “pahu meaning an agent that brightens or sharpens the potentialities of a given object.

In the new ceremony, he filled an iron vessel with water containing patashas (porous sugar lumps). He then stirred the water with a double-edged dagger (Khanda) while reciting sacred hymns. The sweetened water was named Amrit or the “Sacred Water of Immortality. He sprinkled Amrit over their face and they were also given five palmsful of it to drink Consequently, the Pani Pyare became the Khalsa or “the Purified Ones

They were to be named as Singhs (meaning lions). Thus, Daya Ram became Daya Singh and Mokham Chand became Mokham Singh, and so on.

Panj Pyaare or Five Beloved ones

S.No	Name	Belonged to	Occupation	Died at:
1	Daya Ram Khatri)	Lahore	Shopkeeper	Nanded
2	Dharam Das	Hastinapor, Delhi	Farmer	Nanded
3	Mohkam Chand	Dwarka, Gujarat	Tailor	Chamkaur
4	Sahib Chand	Bidar, Karnataka	Barber	Chamkaur
5	Himmat Rai	Jagannath, Odisha	Water carrier	Chamkaur

They were then asked to wear five K’s, viz.:

Kesh (unshorn hair)
Kachha (shorts)
Kara (iron bracelet)
Kirpan (sword)
Kangha (comb)

Finally, on the request of Guru Sahib, the Panj Pyare baptized him and Gobind Rai became Gobind Singh. Just as the Khalsa had merged the Khalsa into the Guru, he merged the Guru also

into the Khalsa: and he said “The Khalsa is the Guru and the Guru is the Khalsa.”

Guru Sahib then elaborated the duties of Khalsa:

To rise at dawn, gather and then recite Gurbani.
To consider every human being equal and not to gratify caste prejudices.
To not worship idols and not to believe in superstitions.
To neither consume Tobacco nor cut their hair.
To not have any kind of relation with Guru’s enemies.
To always keep the five Ks with them.
To not look at other women lustfully and remain content with their wives.
To believe in “One True Immortal God’
To dedicate oneself unconditionally and sacrifice everything to Guru Sahib.

Significance of Khalsa

The creation of the Khalsa played a phenomenal role in both the mental and physical characteristics of Sikh Disciples. Even the lowermost residue of humanity, who never touched a sword and whose generations had been slaves to so-called higher classes, were magically transformed into stalwart and heroic warriors. Guru Sahib wanted his Singhs to use swords to tackle the oppression over the weak and browbeaten, rather than using it to suppress others. ). He also wanted them to live a pious and devoted life and thenceforth instructed them to recite Gurbani every single day, so that they will never forget the true eternal God. In this way, a mighty fraternity of ‘soldier-saints’ was created.

The Post-Khalsa Period

First Battle of Anandpur Sahib (1701)

Military zeal of the Guru threatened the authority and autonomy of Hill chiefs. Thus, Raja Bhim Chand wrote to the Guru to pay rent for Anandpur, since he inhabited there. Guru Sahib, needless to say, turned it down. Consequently, Raja Bhim Chand with other hill chiefs attacked them. The Sikhs, though outnumbered, fought bravely and succeeded in saving their fortress. Hence, an agreement was signed between Hill Chiefs, who backed off, and Guru Sahib.

Battle of Nirmoh Garh (1702)

Even after the Guru reached Nirmoh, his Sikh forces kept on creating havoc in Kahlur. Consequently, Bhim Chand appealed to Aurangzeb for assistance. Hence, he ordered his Governors of Lahore and Sirhind to help Bhim Chand demount Guru Sahib. Even with their help, the Kahlur chief failed to do so.

Battle of Basoli (1702)

From Nirmoh, Guru Sahib crossed Satluj and moved to Basoli (presently in UT of J&K). The combined forces of hilly rajas under Raja Bhim Chand also crossed Satluj and attacked the Sikh forces. Guru Gobind Singh put up a daunting defense and once again, Guru Sahib came out victorious. Since the rulers of Basoli were friends of Guru Ji, Bhim Chand thought it useful to have a treaty with Guru Ji. After that, the Sikh forces attacked Kahlur and captured Kalmot. Raja, consequently, entered into a peace treaty with Guru Sahib but only two years went peacefully.

Second Battle of Anandpur Sahib (1704)

As the Khalsa expanded its territories, it angered the Hill Chiefs, who sought help from the Mughals. Wazir Khan, the Governor of Sirhind, sent a large force to destroy Guru Gobind Singh and laid siege to Anandpur, cutting off all supplies. Despite the Sikhs’ brave defense, the situation worsened, and forty Sikhs deserted the Guru. Ultimately, Guru Gobind Singh agreed to surrender the fort if his safe passage was guaranteed, which the Mughals accepted. However, as the Guru and his followers left Anandpur in 1704, the Mughals betrayed them and attacked.

During the chaos at the Sarsa River, Mata Gujari and her grandsons, Zorawar Singh and Fateh Singh, were separated from the group. They sought refuge with Gangu, an old servant, who betrayed them to Wazir Khan. The young Sahibzades were asked to convert to Islam or face death. They refused and were bricked alive in a wall at Sirhind, with Mata Gujari reportedly dying of shock.

Nawab Sher Mohammad of Malerkotla opposed the decision and stood up against Wazir Khan’s actions. Guru Gobind Singh later blessed Malerkotla to remain a safe haven for Muslims.

Battle of Shahi Tibbi

The Guru evacuated Anandpur and was given a hot pursuit by the besieging host contrary to solemn assurances of safe conduct. He was following the main route to Ropar. By the time he had reached near Shahi Tibbi, covering a distance of about 14 km from Anandpur, he was overtaken by the pursuers. Bhai Udai Singh, one of the followers, engaged them, while the rest of the column marched on. Bhai Udai Singh and his 50 companions fought valiantly. The shrine at Shahi Tibbi (literally, the Royal Mound) commemorating the heroic action is a gurdwara looked after by a solitary Nihang.

Battle of Chamkaur (1704)

The Guru, on the other side, after crossing the Sarsa reached Chamkaur but he was followed by Mughal forces. A challenging battle took place in Chamkaur. The Guru had only forty Sikhs but they kept hundreds of Mughals in check for a day. He even lost his two elder sons (Ajit Singh and Jhujhar Singh) and his three Beloved Ones. Finally, The Guru, on the request of his remaining five Sikhs, escaped the fort.

Guru Sahib then took refuge in the jungles of Machhiwara where he was saved by two of his Muslim friends, Nabi Khan and Ghani Khan. As they learned that the Mughal forces were searching for Guru Ji, they escorted the Guru in a litter on their own shoulders and gave out that he was a saint from Uchch (an old seat of Muslims in Punjab), i.e. “Uchch ka Pir.

Battles of Guru Gobind Singh Ji

S.No	Battle	Fought	Between	Year
1	Battle of Bhangani	Guru Ji (W)	Raja Bhim Chand, Fateh Shah and Other Hill Chief’s	1688
2	Battle of Nadaun	Guru Ji and Hill Chiefs (W)	Alif Khan	1690
3	First Battle of Anandpur Sahib	Guru Ji (W)	Raja Bhim Chand, and Other Hill Chiefs	1701
4	Battic of Nirmoh Garh	Guru Ji and Sikhs (W)	Raja Bhim Chand and Mughals	1702
5	Battle of Basoli	Guru Ji and Sikhs (W)	Raja Bhim Chand	1702
6	2nd Battle of Anandpur Sahib	Guru Ji and Sikhs	Hill Chiefs and Mughal under Wazir Khan (W)	1704
7	Battle of Shahi Tibbi	Guru Ji and Sikhs	Mughal Forces	1704
8	Battle of Chamkaur	Guru Ji and Sikhs	Mughal Forces (W)	1704
9	Battle of Khidrana	Guru Ji and Sikhs (W)	Mughal Forces	1705

Zafarnama

The Guru composed Zafarnama or the Persian Epistle of Victory. In this letter, Guru Ji reminded Aurangzeb how he and his officers had broken their oaths sworn upon the Qur’an. He also stated that in spite of his several sufferings, he had won a moral victory over the Emperor who had broken all his vows. In the 111 verses of this epistle, he condemned Aurangzeb, articulating that he was weak and cowardly

The Battle of Khidrana (1705)

The Guru left Dina and proceeded to Khidrana, (Muktsar Sahib District). Here, Guru Sahib had to face the Mushed army one last time. The bulk of the attack was absorbed by those forty Sikhs who abandoned Guru Sahib in the second battle of Anandpur after signing a Bedawa. All the forty of them died fighting there and the Sikhs eventually succeeded in defeating the Mughals. In their memory, Khidrana was named Muktsar.

Settling in Talwandi Sabo

After victory Guru settled at Talwandi Sabo to which the Sikhs gave the name of Damdama, as it gave breathing-space to the Guru. He spent about a year and resumed the work of religious propagation. It was at Talwandi Sabo that the Guru brought the sacred Adi Granth up to date by incorporating his father’s hymns. It was because of these literary activities that Talwandi Sabo or ‘Damdama’ has earned the title of ‘Guru’s Kashi’ or Guru’s Banaras.

Guru Sahib then left Talwandi to meet Aurangzeb at Ahmednagar. On the way, he heard about the death of the Emperor in March 1707. A war of succession started among Aurangzeb’s sons in Delhi. Bahadur Shah 1, the eldest son, became the emperor after the battle of Jajau, (fought between Bahadur Shah and his brothers) near Agra, due to military assistance from Guru Sahib. The Guru then moved towards the south where he met Banda Singh in Nanded.

Salvation to Guru Gobind Singh Ji

As Guru Sahib was stationed in Nanded, one day, two Pathans arrived to kill him on the orders of Wazir Khan, who was blinded by his hatred for Guru. One of them got a chance and stabbed Guru Ji with a dagger. The Guru, in defense, killed him with one stroke of the sword. In turn of events, the wound inflicted by them proved to be fatal and Guru Sahib died in October 1708.