indian polity

Financial Bill, Meaning, Types, Significance and Need

Financial Bill The Finance Bill also referred to as the "Act for Appropriation of Funds for Appropriations," is a law that details the sum of money that the Government of India will spend and how it will be spent. Bills...

Constitutional Amendment Bill, Meaning, Procedure, Types & Drawbacks

Constitutional Amendment Bill Constitutional Amendment Bill refers to a proposed amendment to the Constitution. The procedure for amending the Constitution is outlined in Part XX (Article 368) of the Indian Constitution. A bill can be introduced by a minister or...

Appropriation Bill, Meaning, Procedure and Amendment

Appropriation Bill The Consolidated Fund of India may be drained of funds during the fiscal year by the government under the terms of the Appropriation Bill. The government can only withdraw funds from the Consolidated Fund with Parliament's approval, as...

Lapsing of Bills, Meaning, Rules & Consequences

Lapsing of Bills A bill is a proposal for new legislation (in the legislature). The Lapsing of Bills is the process through which a measure is abandoned in the legislature before it is passed into law. The reasons why a...

Collegium System, Meaning, Appointment, Evolution & Criticism

Collegium System Under the Collegium System, the Chief Justice of India and the four senior-most judges of the Supreme Court convene a forum to decide on appointments of judges and lawyers to the Supreme Court as well as transfers of...

Subordinate Courts, Meaning, Types, Function and Structure

Subordinate Court In India, each district has several lower courts, including civil, revenue, and criminal courts. The Constitution of India provides for these subordinate courts, which operate under the state and are supervised by the High Court. They handle different...

Gram Nyayalayas, Functions, Features & Gram Nyayalayas Act 2008

Gram Nyayalayas Gram Nyayalayas are village courts in rural areas that give citizens of India instant access to the court system. The Indian Constitution's Article 39-A requires that those in need and the weaker segments of society receive free legal...

Alternative Dispute Resolution, Meaning, Types, Advantages

Alternative Dispute Resolution Today’s world is globalized and tech-driven, allowing people to communicate and settle business deals from anywhere. Many individuals lack the time to file court papers and wait for hearings. As a result, alternative dispute resolution (ADR) is...

Lok Adalat, History, Composition, Types, Benefits & Concerns

Lok Adalat The commitment given in the preamble of the Indian Constitution to ensure the social, economic, and political justice of every Indian citizen is to be carried out by the Lok Adalat. The Constitution's Article 39A ensures that those...

All India Judicial Service, History, Benefits, Provisions and Needs

All India Judicial Service (AIJS) The idea for an All India Judicial Service (AIJS) began in 1961 to ensure that judicial appointments are free from interference. Though initially opposed by some states and courts, it gained traction in 1976 when...