indian polity

Financial Emergency, Meaning, Declaration, Duration & Effect

Financial Emergency Part XVIII (Articles 352-360) of the Indian Constitution discusses emergency provisions. Article 360 specifically covers Financial Emergency. This is one of three types of emergencies in the Constitution. The other two are: National Emergency – Article 352 President’s...

Question Hour in Parliament, Meaning, Types and Significance

Question Hour in Parliament Question Hour, which allows for asking and answering questions in the House, is defined by Rule 38. Until the 232nd Session, this hour took place at the start of the House's meetings. Starting from the 233rd...

What is Zero Hour in Parliament, Timing and Meaning of Zero Hour

Zero Hour starts right after Question Hour in Parliament, precisely at 12 noon, which is why it’s called "zero hour." During this time, MPs can raise issues of public interest without prior notice. The length and format of Zero Hour...

Right to Property, Article, Amendment, SC Judgements

What is Right to Property? The Right to Property was originally a fundamental right in India, protected by Article 19(1)(f) and Article 31 of the Constitution. These articles allowed citizens to acquire, hold, and dispose of property, and prohibited property...

Defence Ministers of India List From 1947 to 2024

The Defence Minister of India is a prime member of the Union Cabinet and is a high-ranking government official responsible for overseeing the country's defence forces, policies, and strategies. This position is one of the most critical positions in the...

President’s Rule in India, Article 356, Grounds of Declaration

President’s Rule Article 356 of the Indian Constitution provides an explanation of the President's Rule. According to this Article, the President may issue a proclamation declaring a state of emergency if he determines, after receiving a report from the state's...

Powers of the President, Financial, Diplomatic & Military Power

Powers of the President The Power of the President has a variety of authority, including financial, diplomatic, legislative, military, judicial, pardoning, executive or appointment, and emergency authorities. The head of state of the Republic of India is the President. The...

Impeachment of president in India, Meaning, Procedure and Impact

What is Impeachement? Impeachment is a formal process where a legislative body, like a parliament or congress, brings charges against a public official for misconduct. It is used as a last resort when the official has committed very serious offenses....

Inter State Council, History, Objective, Functions & Challenges

Inter State Council The Inter State Council is a consultative body with the authority to examine and discuss issues of mutual interest between the Union and States or between States. To maintain coordination between state and center levels, this mechanism...

Sarkaria Commission, History, Objective, Feature & Recommendation

In 1983, the Indian government set up the Sarkaria Commission to study various constitutional issues, focusing on the relationship between state and central governments. One main recommendation was to create an inter-state council, as mentioned in Article 263. The Sarkaria...