indian polity

Representation of the People Act of 1950, Provision & Significance

Representation of People Act, 1950 Free and fair elections are essential for democracy. To ensure this, the Constitution includes Part XV (Articles 324-329), which empowers Parliament to create laws for the electoral process. The Election Commission of India (ECI) is...

Article 20 of Indian Constitution, Articles, Provisions

Article 20 of Indian Constitution Article 20 of the Indian Constitution safeguards individuals from unjust convictions. It ensures that no one can be found guilty of an act that wasn’t illegal at the time, cannot receive a punishment exceeding what...

Article 19 of Indian Constitution, Articles, Provisions, Reasonable Restrictions

Article 19 of Indian Constitution Part III of the Constitution includes 'Fundamental Rights' (Articles 12 to 35), which protect citizens from undue interference by the government in their personal and professional lives. One important right is Article 19, which guarantees...

Indra Sawhney Case Analysis, SC Judgements, Summary

Indra Sawhney Case The Indra Sawhney vs Union of India case, also known as the Mandal Commission case, is a key Supreme Court decision from 1992 that addressed reservations for Other Backward Classes (OBCs) in government jobs and education. This...

Mandal Commission Report, Timeline, Recommendations

Mandal Commission The Mandal Commission, also known as the Second Socially and Educationally Backward Classes Commission, was set up to identify backward classes in India. Led by B. P. Mandal, it submitted its report in 1980, and the recommendations were...

Article 14 of Indian Constitution, Equality Before Law, Explanation

Article 14 of Indian Constitution Our nation is still unable to achieve true freedom even after 73 years of independence. Discrimination and other evils still exist in our land. This taboo even affected the intention of the constitution makers or...

India Nepal Border Dispute, Map, Kalapani & Susta Conflicts

India Nepal Border Dispute India and Nepal, which share an open border, have had a mixed relationship, swinging from friendly to tense. The relationships mostly between them are close and rooted in shared history, culture, tradition, and religion. These ties...

India-Pakistan Border Dispute, Major Disputed Regions, Map

India Pakistan Border Dispute Since, 75 years of India’s independence, India has been in boundary disputes with nearly all its neighbors. Over the years leaders of these neighbouring nations have sat together to resolve these boundary disputes. Many of them...

Lokayukta, History, Appointment, Tenure, Power & Criticism

Lokayukta The Lokayukta has the power to investigate the actions of public servants if the state government refers the case to them. This helps prevent public servants from misusing their authority for personal gain. One of the Lokayukta's main jobs...

Parliamentary Form of Government, Meaning, History, Merits & Demerits

Parliamentary Form of Government A democratic government known as a parliamentary one is one in which the political party winning the most seats in the federal election's legislative or Parliament becomes the ruling party. India's parliamentary system of government is...