GS Paper 2

Lapsing of Bills, Meaning, Rules & Consequences

Lapsing of Bills A bill is a proposal for new legislation (in the legislature). The Lapsing of Bills is the process through which a measure is abandoned in the legislature before it is passed into law. The reasons why a...

Collegium System, Meaning, Appointment, Evolution & Criticism

Collegium System Under the Collegium System, the Chief Justice of India and the four senior-most judges of the Supreme Court convene a forum to decide on appointments of judges and lawyers to the Supreme Court as well as transfers of...

Subordinate Courts, Meaning, Types, Function and Structure

Subordinate Court In India, each district has several lower courts, including civil, revenue, and criminal courts. The Constitution of India provides for these subordinate courts, which operate under the state and are supervised by the High Court. They handle different...

Gram Nyayalayas, Functions, Features & Gram Nyayalayas Act 2008

Gram Nyayalayas Gram Nyayalayas are village courts in rural areas that give citizens of India instant access to the court system. The Indian Constitution's Article 39-A requires that those in need and the weaker segments of society receive free legal...

Alternative Dispute Resolution, Meaning, Types, Advantages

Alternative Dispute Resolution Today’s world is globalized and tech-driven, allowing people to communicate and settle business deals from anywhere. Many individuals lack the time to file court papers and wait for hearings. As a result, alternative dispute resolution (ADR) is...

Lok Adalat, History, Composition, Types, Benefits & Concerns

Lok Adalat The commitment given in the preamble of the Indian Constitution to ensure the social, economic, and political justice of every Indian citizen is to be carried out by the Lok Adalat. The Constitution's Article 39A ensures that those...

All India Judicial Service, History, Benefits, Provisions and Needs

All India Judicial Service (AIJS) The idea for an All India Judicial Service (AIJS) began in 1961 to ensure that judicial appointments are free from interference. Though initially opposed by some states and courts, it gained traction in 1976 when...

National Commission for Scheduled Tribes, Power and Function

National Commission for Scheduled Tribes The National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST) was established under Article 338A of the Indian Constitution on February 19, 2004. It focuses specifically on the needs and rights of Scheduled Tribes, recognizing their distinct culture...

Membership of Parliament, Meaning, Qualification, Oath & Disqualifications

In India, the Parliament is the central legislative body of the union government. It has two parts: the Lok Sabha (Lower House) and the Rajya Sabha (Upper House). The Lok Sabha, known as "The House of People," represents the citizens,...

Constitutional Bodies, Check List of Constitutional Bodies

Constitutional Bodies of India Constitutional Bodies: A Constitutional body is established by the Constitution of India and can only be created or changed through a Constitutional Amendment, not by regular or private bills. These bodies derive their powers from the...