GS Paper 2

Defence Ministers of India List From 1947 to 2024

The Defence Minister of India is a prime member of the Union Cabinet and is a high-ranking government official responsible for overseeing the country's defence forces, policies, and strategies. This position is one of the most critical positions in the...

President’s Rule in India, Article 356, Grounds of Declaration

President’s Rule Article 356 of the Indian Constitution provides an explanation of the President's Rule. According to this Article, the President may issue a proclamation declaring a state of emergency if he determines, after receiving a report from the state's...

Powers of the President, Financial, Diplomatic & Military Power

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Impeachment of president in India, Meaning, Procedure and Impact

What is Impeachement? Impeachment is a formal process where a legislative body, like a parliament or congress, brings charges against a public official for misconduct. It is used as a last resort when the official has committed very serious offenses....

Inter State Council, History, Objective, Functions & Challenges

Inter State Council The Inter State Council is a consultative body with the authority to examine and discuss issues of mutual interest between the Union and States or between States. To maintain coordination between state and center levels, this mechanism...

Sarkaria Commission, History, Objective, Feature & Recommendation

In 1983, the Indian government set up the Sarkaria Commission to study various constitutional issues, focusing on the relationship between state and central governments. One main recommendation was to create an inter-state council, as mentioned in Article 263. The Sarkaria...

Articles 12 and 13 of Indian Constitution, Definition of State & Law

Articles 12 and 13 Articles 12 and 13 are the Fundamental Rights under Part III of the Constitution of India. A State is defined by the Indian Constitution's Article 12 while Article 13 deals with the laws that are inconsistent...

Jammu and Kashmir UT, History, Capital, Map, Former Special Status

Jammu and Kashmir At the time of Independence, India as a nation comprised British India and the Princely States. The Princely States covered about 2/5th of the geographic territory. While the Indian Independence Act 1947 ceded control of British India...

Kesavananda Bharati Case vs State of Kerala, Judgement, Analysis

Kesavananda Bharati Case The Kesavananda Bharati case (1973) is the most important ruling in Indian constitutional law, it introduced the Doctrine of Basic Structure. The Court ruled that while Parliament can amend the Constitution, this power is not absolute; certain...

Borrowed Features of the Indian Constitution from Other Countries

Borrowed Features of Indian Constitution The Indian Constitution is shaped by various historical documents, events, and legal frameworks. Key sources include the Government of India Act, 1935, constitutional committee reports like the Nehru Report, and the Cabinet Mission Plan. It...