Operation Cactus in Maldives, Background, Execution and Aftermath

Operation Cactus in Maldives was an Indian military operation in 1988 to rescue President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom and restore his democratically elected government in the Maldives. The operation was launched in response to a coup attempt by a group of Maldivians led by businessman Abdullah Luthufi. Read the article below to learn about the background of Operation Cactus 1988 in Maldives.

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What is Operation Cactus?

In 1988, Operation Cactus saw the Indian Armed Forces swiftly intervene in the Maldives to thwart a coup led by Abdul Luthufi with support from PLOTE militants. President Abdul Gayoom sought help, and Indian troops, deployed in November, successfully rescued him from Male without casualties. The operation showcased India’s regional security role effectively.

Operation Cactus in Maldives Overview

Background of Operation Cactus 1988

• President Abdul Gayoom’s government faced coup attempts in 1980 and 1983, but they were less severe than the 1988 incident.
• In the latter, over 80 PLOTE cadres led by Maldivian businessman Abdul Luthufi infiltrated using a hijacked ship from Sri Lanka.
• Capturing vital infrastructure in Male, including TV and radio stations, ports, and airports, they held ministers hostage while relocating President Gayoom to the Maldives National Security Service headquarters.
• Seeking aid from nations like the US, Britain, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, and India, President Gayoom received assurances from the former two for coordinated support with India.
• Despite the challenges, India, led by Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi, swiftly and affirmatively decided to intervene militarily on November 3, 1988.

Know here all about the India-Maldives Relations in detail.

Commencement of Operation Cactus 1988

Operation Cactus commenced on November 3, 1988, with the deployment of Indian forces including the 50th Independent Parachute Brigade’s 6th Battalion and the 17th Parachute Field Regiment. Airlifted by an Ilyushin-76 transport aircraft, they landed at Malé International Airport on Hulhule Island, commanded by Brigadier Frukh Bulsara.

Securing Malé and Engaging PLOTE Mercenaries

The Indian paratroopers swiftly secured the airfield and crossed to Malé using boats. A prolonged firefight ensued as they engaged PLOTE mercenaries, ultimately securing the capital city.

Casualties and Naval Interception

The operation resulted in approximately 19 casualties, mainly among the mercenaries, and two hostages killed by them. Indian Navy frigates intercepted the hijacked freighter off the Sri Lankan coast, disrupting the mercenary force’s arrival. The prompt military response and accurate intelligence played a crucial role in averting a political crisis in the Indian Ocean.

Aftermath of Operation Cactus

India received international praise for its intervention, with United States President Ronald Reagan acknowledging it as “an immense contribution to regional security.” However, some South Asian neighbors expressed disquiet.

Extradition and Trials

In July 1989, India extradited captured mercenaries to the Maldives for trial. Despite receiving death sentences, Indian pressure led to their commutation to life imprisonment by President Gayoom.

Accusations and Pardon

Businessman Abdulla Luthufi, based in Sri Lanka, was accused of funding and leading the coup. Former Maldivan President Ibrahi Nasir was also implicated but denied involvement. In July 1990, Nasir received a pardon in absentia due to his role in the Maldives’ independence struggle.

Strengthening Indo-Maldivian Relations

Operation Cactus contributed to the strengthening of Indo-Maldivian relations, solidifying ties between the two nations. The successful restoration of the Gayoom government further solidified the bond.

Strategic Imperative of Intervention

Scholars of India’s Foreign Policy argue that Operation Cactus became necessary to prevent external powers from intervening or establishing bases in the Maldives. The absence of Indian intervention could have posed a threat to India’s national interest, prompting the decisive action.

Other Assistance of India to the Maldives

Operation Cactus UPSC

Operation Cactus in 1988 was an Indian military intervention in the Maldives to thwart a coup led by Abdullah Luthufi and PLOTE militants. President Gayoom sought aid, and India swiftly deployed forces, including the 50th Independent Parachute Brigade. Securing Malé, a firefight ensued with PLOTE, resulting in approximately 19 casualties. International praise followed, but some neighbors expressed disquiet. Extradited mercenaries faced trials, with Indian pressure leading to commuted sentences. Operation Cactus strengthened Indo-Maldivian relations, preventing external threats and showcasing India’s regional security role.

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