Conflict in Manipur between Meiteis and Kukis Communities

Manipur Conflict Reasons and Clashes between Meiteis and Kukis in Manipur

The northeastern state of Manipur has been in the grip of ethnic violence for over a year, primarily involving the Meitei and Kuki communities. Check Details on Manipur Conflict here.

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The Union Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) has invited Manipur MLAs from the three major communities — Meitei, Kuki-Zo, and Naga — for a peace meeting. The initiative highlights the need for dialogue between the Kuki-Zo and Meitei communities to address the ethnic conflict in Manipur.

Background of Conflict in Manipur

On May 3, 2023, ethnic violence erupted in Manipur, India, primarily between the Meitei and Kuki communities.
This conflict was triggered by a peaceful protest organised by the All Tribal Student Union of Manipur (ATSUM) against a recommendation from the Manipur High Court to grant Scheduled Tribe (ST) status to the Meitei community.
The protest escalated into violence, leading to significant destruction and loss of life.

Underlying Causes

The violence is rooted in longstanding tensions exacerbated by several government policies perceived as anti-Kuki:

The Manipur High Court’s recommendation for ST status for Meiteis.
The “war on drugs” targeting Kuki-majority hill districts.
The imposition of the Inner Line Permit (ILP).
Eviction drives in Kuki villages under claims of encroachment on state forest land.

These policies have intensified existing ethnic rivalries between hill and valley communities in Manipur.

The situation is complicated by external factors such as:

The civil war in neighbouring Myanmar affected local dynamics.
Increased involvement from insurgent groups and armed factions on both sides.

Other Conflicts

Ethnic conflict is not new to Manipur, which is home to over 30 ethnic groups. Previous conflicts include:

The Naga-Kuki clash in 1992, displacing about 114,300 people.
The Meitei-Pangal conflict in 1993, resulting in around 100 casualties.
The Kuki-Paite clash in 1997, displacing approximately 22,000 people.

Demands of Both tribes

Kuki groups have demanded a separate autonomous legislative assembly for Kuki-dominated areas.
Meitei groups are advocating for the preservation of territorial integrity.

Despite attempts at dialogue, both communities remain divided, with a lack of trust exacerbated by ongoing violence.

Related Information

Suspension of Operations (SoO) Pact

It is an agreement that was signed in 2008 as a ceasefire agreement between the Indian government and various Kuki militant groups operating in the northeastern states of Manipur and Nagaland.
The agreement came about in the aftermath of the Kuki-Naga clashes in the 1990s when hundreds were killed.

Terms of the Suspension of Operations (SoO) Pact (2008)

Agreement:
- Kuki groups stop violence and move to designated camps monitored by security forces.
- The Indian government suspends operations against these groups.
Monitoring: Joint Monitoring Group (JMG) oversees implementation.
Restrictions:
- Security forces cannot attack, and Kuki groups cannot launch attacks.
- Kuki militants stay in camps with weapons stored securely.
- Arms only allowed for camp security and leader protection.
Compliance: Signatories agree to respect the Indian Constitution, laws, and Manipur’s territorial integrity.

Regional Implications and Challenges in Manipur

Shift in Perceptions: The prolonged conflict has caused a significant and irreversible change in how the people of Manipur view each other and the central government.
Impact on Tourism and Infrastructure: The region had started attracting domestic and international tourists, with improving infrastructure connecting it to mainland India via railways. However, the violence has disrupted this progress.
Increased Division: The ongoing violence has deepened the divide between the Meitei and Kuki communities.
- Many individuals feel unsafe in areas dominated by rival ethnic groups, leading to large-scale migration to safer regions like Assam and Mizoram.
- Example: According to a report by the Geneva-based Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC), in 2023 conflict and violence in South Asia led to 69,000 displacements, with the Manipur violence contributing to 67,000 of these.
Educational Disruption: Schools and educational institutions have closed due to the conflict, and internet shutdowns have hindered online learning, pushing youths towards militancy as a means of survival.
Economic Consequences: Retail inflation reached 9.7% in September 2023, causing economic insecurity, while attacks on farmers and road blockages raised food security concerns.
Mental Health Crisis: There has been a rise in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) cases since the violence began, exacerbating mental health issues among the affected populations.
Geopolitical Importance: Manipur’s strategic location as a border state with Myanmar makes it crucial for India’s Act East Policy (AEP), which aims to enhance cultural links, trade, tourism, and connectivity with Southeast Asia.
China’s Influence: Instability in Manipur could benefit China, especially given its growing power and influence in conflict-ridden Myanmar.
International Concerns: The ongoing conflict has tarnished India’s global image, drawing serious concerns from organizations such as Human Rights Watch, the European Union, the United Nations, Genocide Watch, and the United States.

Pathways to Peace

Prioritise Dialogue: Focus on facilitating dialogue between the Meitei and Kuki communities rather than relying solely on military intervention.
Community-Led Solutions: Solutions must arise from within the communities themselves, supported by other ethnic groups in Manipur.
Formation of Peace Committees: Create a peace committee that includes representatives from all communities except Meiteis and Kukis to ensure objectivity and inclusivity.
Role of Civil Society Organizations: Local civil society organisations should work towards rebuilding trust between communities and conduct awareness programs to combat misinformation.
Government Support for Trust-Building: The state government should provide financial assistance and security for community-led peace efforts.
Engagement with Youth: Central government should explore educational opportunities for affected youths to prevent them from joining insurgent groups or engaging in illicit activities.
Special Relief Packages: Targeted relief packages should be developed for displaced individuals, focusing particularly on women and children affected by the conflict.
Regulating Borders: To combat drug trafficking and prevent instability linked to Myanmar’s conflicts, regulating the porous India-Myanmar border is essential through selective fencing and increased manpower at Integrated Check Posts (ICPs).

One Year After the Manipur Violence

The conflict began in May 2023, initially sparked by Kuki protests against the Meitei community’s demands for Scheduled Tribe status. This led to widespread violence, resulting in over 220 deaths and displacing around 60,000 people.

Date	Event
May 3, 2023	Initial clashes erupt during Kuki protests against Meitei demands for Scheduled Tribe status.
May 4, 2023	Violence spreads across Imphal Valley and surrounding areas; properties are set ablaze.
May 10, 2023	Government imposes curfew in affected areas as clashes continue.
May 15, 2023	Death toll rises to over 50; thousands displaced as violence escalates.
May 20, 2023	Armed groups begin to form on both sides, leading to further militarization of the region.
June 2023	Continued sporadic clashes; over 100 dead; relief camps set up for displaced individuals.
August 2023	Humanitarian crisis deepens; reports of food and medical shortages in relief camps.
October 2023	Temporary peace talks initiated, but fail to yield lasting agreements; violence resumes.
December 2023	Death toll surpasses 200; calls for intervention from national government grow louder.
March 2024	Some relief efforts begin, but mistrust remains high; many still displaced.
May 2024	One year anniversary of violence; around 59,000 individuals still in relief camps, with ongoing tensions and sporadic violence.

A Path Forward

Dialogue and Reconciliation

Experts emphasize the importance of dialogue between the Meitei and Kuki communities to foster trust and understanding. Only through sustained engagement can a foundation for lasting peace be built.

Government Responsibility

The state and federal governments must play a critical role in facilitating peace talks, ensuring justice for victims, and implementing policies that address socioeconomic disparities. Comprehensive development initiatives can help mitigate tensions and promote unity.

Conclusion

The Manipur conflict serves as a stark reminder of the complexities surrounding ethnic identities in India. As UPSC aspirants, understanding this issue is essential for comprehending the broader implications of communal tensions on national integrity and governance. A multifaceted approach involving dialogue, government intervention, and community engagement is crucial for restoring peace and stability in Manipur.

Manipur Conflict FAQs

Are Kukis Christians?

The majority of Kukis are now Christians, with most belonging to Protestant denominations, especially Baptist. Since the late 20th century, some of these peoples have begun following Messianic Judaism.

What is the Manipur case all about?

Ethnic violence has plunged the small Indian state of Manipur into what many have dubbed a state of civil war as the two largest groups, the majority Meitei and minority Kuki, battle over land and influence.

Is Hinduism decreasing in Manipur?

The Hindu population share in Manipur decreased further in 2001–2011, from 52% to 41.4%.

What is the religion of Manipur?

Hinduism and Christianity are the major religions practiced in Manipur. Between the 1961 and 2011 censuses of India, the share of Hindus in the state declined from 62% to 41%, while the share of Christians rose from 19% to 41%.

Is Meitei a tribe?

The Meitei people, Meetei, Manipuri people is an ethnic group native to Manipur. They form the largest and dominant ethnic group of Manipur in Northeast India.