What led to the Azerbaijan Airlines Jet Crash?

Context: Recently an Airline crash in Azerbaijan claimed the lives of 38 people. There are conflicting reports on the cause of technical failures, bad weather, and alleged missile strikes.

Contributing Factors of the Crash

GPS Jamming

• GPS jamming occurs when a signal is intentionally or unintentionally disrupted, preventing navigation systems from receiving satellite data.
• Impact: Pilots lose access to accurate positioning, timing and navigation information critical for safe flight operations.
• Sources:
  • Military: Deliberate jamming as a defence measure in conflict zones.
  • Civilian: Accidental interference from devices like signal blockers or electronic equipment.

GPS Spoofing

• GPS spoofing involves broadcasting false satellite signals to deceive navigation systems into reporting incorrect positions.
• Impact: Pilots may inadvertently stray into restricted airspace, leading to potential accidents or misunderstandings. g.
  • Military Use: Confuse enemy navigation systems.
  • Cyber Threats: Used by hackers or rogue actors to manipulate data.

Examples of Affected Regions from GPS Jamming & Spoofing

• Black Sea: Persistent GPS jamming due to military activities.
• Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East: Spoofing incidents in regions like Syria and Iraq.
• Ukraine and Russia: High-risk areas due to ongoing conflict and electronic warfare

Rules Regarding Aviation Safety in Conflict Zones

International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Guidelines

• States must provide up-to-date advisories on airspace safety.
• Airlines should evaluate potential threats, such as missile launches or electronic interference.

Chicago Convention (1944)

• Article 3 bis: Prohibits states from using weapons against civilian aircraft in flight.
• States are responsible for ensuring airspace safety in their territories.

Risk Mitigation Initiatives

• Safer Skies Initiative (Canada): Focused on enhancing aviation safety over conflict zones.
• IATA Tactical Operations Portal: Provides real-time alerts on airspace safety.

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