Air Independent Propulsion Systems in Submarines

Context: The Ministry of Defence has signed two contracts to upgrade the capabilities of India’s Scorpene-class submarines, on integrating advanced technologies like Air Independent Propulsion (AIP) modules and Electronic Heavy Weight Torpedoes (EHWT).

About Air Independent Propulsion (AIP)

• AIP is a technology that allows non-nuclear submarines to operate without atmospheric oxygen. It Allows submarines to stay submerged for longer periods, improving stealth capabilities. It is developed by DRDO.
• Working Mechanism: AIP systems produce oxygen, which is then used to generate power. There are two main methods for producing oxygen:
  • High Test Peroxide (HTP): A concentrated hydrogen peroxide that decomposes into oxygen and water with the help of manganese
  • Stored liquid oxygen (LOX): Oxygen stored in cryogenic tanks

Advantages

• Increase underwater endurance: AIP allows submarines to stay submerged longer than conventionally powered submarines.
• Augment or replace diesel-electric propulsion: AIP can be used in addition to or instead of a submarine’s diesel-electric propulsion system.
• Can be installed in existing submarines: AIP systems can be added to existing submarines by inserting a new hull section.
• Enhanced Stealth: Since AIP submarines do not need to surface as often, they are less detectable, providing a strategic advantage.

Limitations

• Complexity and Cost: AIP systems can be more complex and expensive to maintain than traditional diesel-electric systems.
• Limited Power Output: Some AIP technologies may not provide enough power for high-speed maneuvers or extensive combat operations.
• Fuel Supply: Systems like fuel cells require a reliable supply of hydrogen, which can be logistically challenging.

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